Archive for March, 2011

Article by David Maillie

Today’s cars can typically be expected to pass the 200,000 mile mark with consistent automobile maintenance. With the price of automobiles, you’ll want to protect that investment by performing regular maintenance. If you can do much of the work yourself, you’ll save a lot of money in labor. Invest in a good set of tools and choose quality parts when performing your own automobile maintenance.

If you have some skill, but want to learn more look for courses in general repairs and maintenance. These can often be found at your local community center, Community College or an automotive technical school in your area. Consider investing in a good repair manual for your car, such as a Chilton’s manual. The internet is a good place to look for articles and information. There are many sites devoted to auto repair and maintenance.

You will want to keep track of all maintenance performed on your car. You can do this in a log, a notebook or on your home computer. There is software available to help you keep track of maintenance. These programs track repairs, maintenance, replacement parts used on the vehicle and fuel consumption. You can use the same software for multiple vehicles.Most software allows you to create a service schedule and will remind you when it’s time to perform maintenance tasks on each vehicle in your household. The software contains a wide variety of tips for car care. In addition, many have reference and diagnostic tools to help you diagnose various problems with your cars. Many companies offer a free trial that can be downloaded on the internet. This allow you to try out the program before investing your money.

Your owner’s manual will give you some basic information about when certain maintenance tasks should be done. Most tasks will be listed according to the mileage on the car.

3000 Mile Maintenance

Change the oil in your engine every 3000 miles. The filter should be changed at the same time. Newer synthetic oils are said to last longer without breaking down. When you change the oil, check the fluids, the air filter, tires, hoses and belts. At this time check the battery cables and terminals for corrosion. This can be removed with a wire brush or sandpaper.

5000-10,000 Miles:

Have your tires rotated and balanced every five to ten thousand miles. This helps the tires wear evenly and extends the life. The best tires should be put in the front of the car. Check the tire pressure regularly and check the tread for signs of uneven wear or damage.

15,000 Miles:

Change the air filter every 15,000 miles. A clean air filter improves the fuel economy of your car. A dirty air filter can cause the engine to run rough and stall. At this time you should also check the pads and shoes on your brake system. Check the brake fluid and top it of, as needed. The fluid should be clear. If you notice noise when the brakes are applied or the steering wheel shakes or vibrates, this can be an indication that the brakes need replacing. In this case, don’t wait check the brakes and replace as needed.

30,000 Miles:

Check the fluid level on your transmission. The owner’s manual will have information about the kind of fluid that should be used in your car. The manual should have directions on how to drain and replace the fluid. The pan gasket should be changed when the fluid is drained. Also at this time, give the car a tune up. Replace all spark plugs and wires.

50,000 Miles:

Change the coolant at 50,000 miles. See the owner’s manual for directions on how to perform this task.

Remember to take care of your car’s finish. You want the paint to remain in good condition for as long as possible. Wash the car regularly, even in the winter when salt from the roads can ruin the finish. Apply wax to protect the paint from the sun, salt and weather conditions. Don’t neglect the headlights, which can become cloudy and won’t operate as well. New Lite Headlight Cleaner and Restorer will return cloudy headlights to like new condition.http://auto-mechanics-news.blogspot.com/2009/02/perform-your-own-automobile-maintenance.html

About the Author

David Maillie is a chemist with over 12 years experience in biochemical research and clynical analysis. He is an alumni of Cornell University and specializes in biochemical synthesis for public, private, and governmental interests. He holds numerous patents including his recently awarded patent for headlight cleaner and restorer. He can be reached at M.D. Wholesale: http://www.mdwholesale.com.

Article by jekky

Motronic ML1.xMotronic ML1.x was one of the first digital engine-management systems developed by Bosch. The basic idea behind the system was to fully integrate and regulate all major engine system parameters, thereby enabling fuel delivery and spark timing control functions to be controlled by the same unit, in an attempt to achieve optimum efficiency, driveability and power output potential. These early Motronic systems integrated the spark timing element with then-existing Jetronic fuel injection technology.It was originally developed and first used in the BMW 7-Series, before being implemented on several Volvo and Porsche engines throughout the 1980s. It was also used on turbocharged Audi Quattro models during the early 1990s.The components of the Motronic ML1.x systems for the most part remained unchanged during production, although there are some differences in certain situations. The electronic control unit (ECU) receives information regarding engine speed, crankshaft angle, coolant temperature and throttle position. An air flow meter also measures the volume of air entering the induction system.If the engine is naturally aspirated, an air temperature sensor is located in the air flow meter to work out the air mass. However, if the engine is turbocharged, an additional charge air temperature sensor is used to monitor the temperature of the inducted air after it has passed through the turbocharger and intercooler, in order to accurately and dynamically calculate the overall air mass.main system characteristicsFuel delivery, ignition timing, and dwell angle incorporated into the same ECU.Crank position and engine speed is determined by a pair of sensors reading from the flywheel.Separate constant idle speed system monitors and regulates base idle speed settings.5th injector is used to provide extra fuel enrichment during different cold-start conditions.Depending on application and version, an oxygen sensor may be fitted (the system was originally designed for leaded fuel).No knock sensor. Motronic 4.1The Motronic 4.1 system was used on Opel / Vauxhall eight-valve engines from 1987-1990, and some PSA Peugeot Citron XU9J-series engines.The ECU software controls fuel enrichment during cold-start by altering the timing of the main injectors based on engine temperature, no 5th injector is required. The idle speed is also fully controlled by the ECU, including fast-idle during warm-up (no thermo-time switch is required).The 4.1 system did not include provision for a knock sensor for timing adjustment. The ignition timing and fuel map could be altered to take account of fuels with different octane ratings by connecting a calibrated resistor (taking the form of an “octane coding plug” in the vehicle’s wiring loom) to one of the ECU pins, the resistance depending on the octane adjustment required. With no resistor attached the system would default to 98 octane.The ECU has a single output for the injectors, resulting in all injectors firing simultaneously. The injectors are opened twice for every revolution of the engine, injecting half the required fuel each time. Motronic 1.1 & 1.3The Motronic 1.1 System was used by BMW from 1987. This was then superseded in 1988 by the Motronic 1.3 system that was also used by PSA on some XU9J-series engines (which previously used Motronic 4.1).The Motronic 1.1 and 1.3 systems are largely similar, the main improvement being the increased diagnostic capabilities of Motronic 1.3. The 1.3 ECU can store many more detailed fault codes than 1.1, and has a permanent 12-volt feed from the vehicle’s battery which allows it to log intermittent faults in memory across several trips. Motronic 1.1 can only advise of a few currently-occurring faults..The systems include a knock sensor for ignition timing adjustment and the option for a lambda sensor, enabling their use with catalytic converter-equipped vehicles.The ECUs have 2 injection outputs, and the injectors are arranged in 2 “banks” which fire once every two engine revolutions. In an example 4-cylinder engine, one output controls the injectors for cylinders 1 and 3, and the other controls 2 and 4. The system uses a “cylinder ID” sensor mounted to the cam-shaft to detect which cylinders are approaching the top of their stroke, therefore which injector bank should be fired. During start-up (below 600 RPM), or if there is no signal from the cylinder ID sensor, all injectors are fired simultaneously once per engine revolution. See alsoDigifant Engine Management systemJetronic References^ http://www.bosch.com/content/language2/html/3074_3184.htm^ http://www.ludd.luth.se/~rotax/motronic/motronic.html^ http://frwilk.com/944dme/^ a b c http://www.opel-scanner.com/files/Opel_MotronicML4.1.pdf^ a b c http://www.taylor-eng.com/ecu/motronic_intro.html^ a b c http://www.opel-scanner.com/files/DME_1.1_1.3.pdf External linksBosch.com official websiteBosch Motronic ECU Repair and ECU Help for Porsche DME, BMW ECU, Volvo ECU, Jaguar ECU and Ferrari ECU. Categories: Fuel injection systems | Embedded systems | Power control | Engine technology | Automotive technology tradenamesHidden categories: Wikipedia articles in need of updating

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I am China Product writer, reports some information about vest hi vis, hi vis vest.

Article by Darren Nicholson

The secret of effective automotive diagnosis and troubleshooting is to have a logical, well-ordered plan. Following a logical step-by-step procedure (flow chart) will get you to the root cause of a problem quickly and efficiently. Repair manuals will have a diagnostic flow chart that goes in a logical order. It will ask a question, usually yes or no, and depending on the answer will branch off in two or more directions. The last box in the flow chart will have the problem and how to repair it. The example shown is a simple one. A more complicated system will have branches going into specific tests and then have two or more branches from there, depending on test results. You will need some basic automotive diagnostic test equipment to perform your diagnostics. A 12-volt tester (test light) will tell you if a circuit has power or, when hooked up to the negative side of the circuit, it will tell you if a ground circuit is good. A good volt/ohm meter (VOM) will be needed to perform specific voltage and resistance diagnostic tests. A digital meter is an excellent choice because they are easier to read than an analog meter. I have both digital and analog meters in my toolbox because sometimes an analog meter is best for certain jobs. Most VOM’s have an ammeter that will test the alternator output and test for current draws. Make sure the one you buy has one. If you have an older car with a point equipped ignition system, you will need a dwell meter to measure and adjust the dwell angle of the points. A timing light will be needed to set and adjust ignition timing. As with any piece of equipment, read the instructions that come with your meter. It will tell you what the various functions are and how to connect the meter to the circuit for accurate test results. Most meters have a fuse in them to protect them from an incorrect connection. Make sure the one you buy has a fuse and get a couple of spares. You will, at some point, hook it up wrong and be very thankful you have the spares. Most of the troubleshooting on today’s cars will be electrical in nature. A good wiring diagram is essential to properly troubleshoot and diagnose any electrical circuit. They usually come in two parts; a schematic and a wiring diagram. The schematic shows the different components of a system and how they relate to each other. The wiring diagram shows the actual wire colors and connections. On all vehicles from 1995 and newer are OBDII vehicles and a scan tool will be needed to retrieve fault codes and give you a starting point for your diagnostics and troubleshooting. For testing the mechanical side of the engine, you will need some more specialized equipment. A vacuum gauge with several adapters can be used to test manifold vacuum and test vacuum operated circuits. A timing light will help with checking ignition-timing and it can be a safe way to test for ignition spark. A compression tester will show you the condition of the piston rings, intake and exhaust valves.

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Helping with any thing automotive.

Article by hi joiney

Acquisition of health-related knowledgeMain articles: Life science and Biomedical researchMedical research is basic and applied research conducted to improve the evaluation of new treatments for both safety and efficacy in what are termed clinical trials, or to develop new treatments (referred to as preclinical research) or to better scale up health care interventions and improve health systems (e.g. health systems research and evidence based health care).The increased longevity of humans over the past century is due in large part to medical research. Among the major advancements in medicine have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the human genome project. Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance, the obesity epidemic, and notably, the paucity of knowledge on how to better organize health care delivery. Application of health-related knowledge (health care)Main article: Health careHealth care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. According to the World Health Organization, health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including reventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations. The organized provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This can include a specific governmental organization such as the National Health Service in the UK, or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in shared care.There is a wide range of traditional areas of health care. The most common areas are: medicine, nursing, midwifery, pharmacy, dentistry, clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics), and various forms of therapy to supplement the healing process and restore proper activity (e.g. dietetics, recreational, physical, occupational, orthoptic care, speech, and respiratory).Like health science in general, health care includes both the study and application of preventing and curing human diseases and disorders. Medical doctors include physicians and surgeons.There are many different branches of medicine; the other health care professions also have specialties or focus on specific populations or settings of care. Public health studies the effect of environmental factors such as available health care resources on the health of the general population, often focusing on particular populations, such as mothers and children. Dietitians educate people about proper nutrition, particularly specific dietary needs of populations such as people with diabetes, breastfeeding women, and people with celiac disease. Other less common medical areas include first aid and triage.Dental health has grown in importance in recent decades making dentistry a major field of health sciences. Counselling, hospice care, home care, nutrition, medical social work, alternative medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology are all considered part of health science.Clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics) is also a major field of health sciences.Veterinary medicine is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal-originated food (such as milk and meat) and animal husbandry. Health practices Conventional Western practicesAthletic trainingClinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics)DentistryDieteticsEpidemiologyEvidence-based medicineGenetic counselingMedical physicsMedicineNursingNutritionObstetrics, including MidwiferyOccupational therapyOptometryOrthopticsOsteopathic medicine (Note: Osteopathy, as practiced in most countries other than the USA, is listed under complementary and alternative practices below)ParamedicinePharmacyPhysical therapy (physiotherapy)Prosthetics and OrthoticsPsychology, including Animal, Behavioural, Clinical, Health, Medical, Neuropsychology and othersPsychoanalysisPsychotherapy, including Cognitive therapyPublic healthPhysical educationSpeech-Language PathologySurgery, including anaesthesiologyVeterinary medicine Historical westernFurther information: Ancient Greek medicine, Medicine in ancient Rome, Byzantine medicine, and Medieval medicineBlood lettingHeroic medicineMagnet therapyPatent medicinePhrenologyTrepanation Complementary and alternative medicineMain articles: Complementary and alternative medicine and Alternative medicineAlexander TechniqueChiropractic (in some countries: included within Conventional Western practices)Dorn methodHerbalismHolistic healthHomeopathyHypnosisMassage therapyNatural medicineNaturopathic medicineOrthomolecular medicineOsteopathy (Note: Osteopathic medicine as practiced in the USA is listed under traditional western practices above) New Age or spiritualistChristian ScienceFaith healingJohreiMaharishi Vedic MedicineReiki Contemporary themesBecause health science deal with human life, issues of medical ethics, an important area of ethics, arise frequently. Medical ethics includes questions on topics such as a patient’s right to privacy and his/her right to be involved in treatment and decision-making. Euthanasia, abortion, human cloning, stem cell research and genetic engineering are especially controversial issues directly related to health science. Evidence based health care focuses on integrating research evidence with context and values to better guide policies and practice. An example of initiatives that take this approach to improve public health policy is the Evidence Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet) of the World Health Organization. History of health scienceMain articles: History of biology and History of medicineThe foundations for the Health Sciences fields are as old as the human race. Humans have always been in need of solutions to address illness, injury, and various health related issues such as childbirth. With modern technology and the backing of the pure sciences, the scientific accuracy of these fields has greatly improved. Nevertheless, many cultures have used and continue to use various herbs and other culturally specific solutions to help solve health problems that may or may not be backed by any scientific support. See alsoMain article: Outline of health scienceAcademic health science centreBiomedical engineeringBiomedical informaticsBiomedical researchBiomedical technologyEmergency medical servicesEvidence-based medicineHealth care, Acronyms in healthcareHealth economicsHistory of medicineList of health sciences topicsMedical EncyclopediaMedical ethicsMedical informaticsPharmaceutical industryPreventive medicinePublic healthPublicly-funded health care External links and referencesNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesThe US National Library of MedicineHealth Science Researchers, Jobs and Discussions References^ World Heath Organization Report. (2000). Why do health systems matter?. WHO. v  d  eHealth careEconomics  Industry  Philosophy  Policy  Providers  Ranking  Reform  SystemHealth sciencesMedicine  Dentistry  Nursing  Allied health professionsSettingsAssisted living  Clinic  Hospital  Nursing homeSkills/proceduresIncident report  Isolation  Report  Universal precautionsEquipmentDiagnosticVital signs: Blood pressure cuff  Stethoscope  ThermometerOther: Ophthalmoscope  OtoscopeMedicationNeedle  Pill organizer  SyringeToiletingAdult diaper  Bedpan  Foley catheter  Incontinence pad  UrinalRestraintChemical restraint  Limb restraint  Locking clothing  Posey vest  StraitjacketMobility devicesCane  Patient lift   Sling lift  Walker  Wheelchair  Motorized wheelchairv  d  eTechnologyApplied scienceArchaeology  Artificial intelligence  Ceramic engineering  Computing  Electronics  Energy  Energy storage  Engineering geology  Engineering physics  Environmental Engineering Science  Environmental technology  Fisheries science  Materials science and engineering  Microtechnology  Nanotechnology  Nuclear technology  Optics  Particle physics  ZoographyInformationCommunication  Graphics  Information technology  Music  Speech recognition  Systematics  Visual technologyIndustryBusiness informatics  Construction  Financial engineering  Fishing  Industrial technology  Machinery  Manufacturing  MiningMilitaryMilitary technology  Military technology and equipment  Ammunition  Bombs  Military engineering  Weapons engineering  Military communications  Army engineering maintenanceDomesticEducational technology  Domestic appliances  Domestic technology  Food technologyEngineeringAerospace  Agricultural  Architectural  Audio  Automotive  Biochemical  Biological  Biomedical  BioTech  Broadcast  Building officials  Ceramic  Chemical  Civil  Computer  Construction  Control  Cryogenics  Electrical  Electronic  Engineering technology  Enterprise  Entertainment  Environmental  Food  Genetic  Hydraulics  Industrial  Materials  Mechanical  Mechatronics  Metallurgical  Mining  Naval  Network  Nuclear  Ocean  Ontology  Optical  Petroleum  Radio Frequency  Software  Structural  Systems  Technician  Telecommunications  Textile  Tissue  Traffic  TransportHealth / safetyBioinformatics  Biomedical  Biotechnology  Cheminformatics  Fire protection engineering  Health technologies  Medical technology  Nutrition  Pharmaceuticals  Safety engineering  Sanitary engineeringTransportAerospace  Aerospace engineering  Automotive engineering  Marine engineering  Motor vehicles  Naval engineering  Space technology Categories: Health sciences

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